Increasing congestion places a strain on the capacity of cities to protect those who live within their boundaries. When plagues hit, like the cholera epidemic that invades cities in the 19th century, city officials are forced to implement public hea...
The city at the end of the 19th century is a place of remarkable contrasts. Planning and building simply cannot keep up with the pace of growth. As one reformer laments, it is a challenge to make "a great city in a few years out of nothing." City pl...
Urban middle-class Americans are introduced to the fine art of "shopping" during the last decades of the 19th century. From 1880 onward there is the beginning of trade catalogues, national advertising and warehousing, and the creation of franchising...
By 1960 a third of the nation's population lives in suburbs, an unprecedented demographic shift. The mass production of housing like Levittown creates what some critics call "architectural monotony." The industrial approach and lower price, however,...