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Beneath the Surface: Using Sound to Study the Ocean's Interior
02:17

Beneath the Surface: Using Sound to Study the Ocean's Interior

Sound is sometimes used to study the ocean's interior. For example, the speed of sound in the ocean can be used to measure the temperature between the source and the receiver.

Deep Connections: Differences Between Deep Ocean and Surface Currents
02:32

Deep Connections: Differences Between Deep Ocean and Surface Currents

The flow of ocean currents follows predictable patterns governed by a variety of physical factors. For surface currents, which include water flow horizontally in the upper four hundred meters of the ocean, wind is the primary driving force. For deep...

Going with the Flow: Measuring Ocean Currents
05:47

Going with the Flow: Measuring Ocean Currents

Given the importance of ocean currents in the marine environment, oceanographers have tried for years to accurately measure them. Advances in current meters and acoustic technology have made the process easier, but the task of measuring currents rem...

Its in the Water: Measuring Salinity
02:59

Its in the Water: Measuring Salinity

Efforts to measure salinity have long been a fundamental part of chemical oceanography. At one time, this was done by simply weighing the salt. Then, for years, salinity was determined based on the concentration of chloride. Today, salinity is measu...

Its in the Water: Thermohaline Circulation
01:11

Its in the Water: Thermohaline Circulation

Thermohaline circulation is driven by differences in temperature and salinity, as opposed to circulation driven by wind. Understanding patterns of water movement may be crucial to better understanding global climate and climate change.

Its in the Water: Salinity, Density, and Temperature
03:51

Its in the Water: Salinity, Density, and Temperature

Obtaining accurate salinity measurements is vitally important because salt, along with temperature, has a significant impact on the density of seawater. And this, in turn, greatly affects ocean structure and circulation.

Going with the Flow: El Nino
04:28

Going with the Flow: El Nino

El Nino is marked by the appearance from time to time of warm water in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. The end result of the evaporative process that follows is excessive rainfall.

Deep Connections: Tracers
07:03

Deep Connections: Tracers

A tracer is a property or substance that can be used to track the movement of individual water masses. While the utility of specific tracers varies according to the locale and circumstance, tracers as a group provide a rich source of information ab...

Deep Connections: Ocean Observation Systems
05:06

Deep Connections: Ocean Observation Systems

While tracers have proven immensely valuable as tools with which to monitor and analyze ocean circulation, the sheer size of the world ocean presents an enormous data-gathering challenge. Many oceanographers believe the solution lies in profiling sy...

Deep Connections: Water Masses
04:06

Deep Connections: Water Masses

Water masses are layers of water distinguished by a particular temperature and salinity. Understanding how water masses form and move around is critical in understanding global climate.