Seamounts, guyots and island arcs form on the ocean floor as a result of a hot spot or mantle plume. While seamounts do not extend above the ocean surface, a guyot is tall enough to be eroded by wave activity and therefore has a flat top. An island ...
Whether studying earthquakes, volcanoes, or other geologic events, scientists usually focus their attention on plate boundaries and plate movement.
With the advent of plate tectonics, it's become apparent that episodes of extreme geologic upheaval--like earthquakes--are much more than simply random events.