Petroleum Refining and Waste Minimization: Petroleum Refining
The first step in optimizing the refining process is determining the composition of the crude. The analysis identifies undesirable trace metals and minerals, like sulfur, which are detrimental to equipment. Since the various hydrocarbon chains foun...
Physical Treatment Technologies: Vapor Pressure: Evaporation Ponds, Air Stripping and Distillation
The physical property known as vapor pressure is the tendency of a material, at a given temperature, to turn into a gas. Substances with a higher vapor pressure will change into a gas more quickly than substances with a lower vapor pressure. These...
The Semiconductor and Electronics Industry: Microchip Fabrication and the Environment
Semiconductor fabrication requires an ultra-pure environment. Delicate components are washed and rinsed at each stage, making this a water intensive process. Semiconductor manufacturing is also a chemical intensive industry. Many companies are ac...