Rivals and Friends: Adams and Jefferson, Rivals and Friends
Noted historians Barbara Oberg, Peter Onuf, and Helena Wall compare the styles, personalities, and accomplishments of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the two men who occupy the presidency from 1796 to 1808. The close re..
Rivals and Friends: Emergence of a Stronger Judiciary under Justice Marshall
The last minute appointments by the Adams' administration sets the stage for the emergence of a stronger judiciary under the leadership of John Marshall. When the Jeffersonians come into power they repeal the last-minute..
Rivals and Friends: Jefferson as Administrator
Jefferson avoids Adams' mistakes in selecting his cabinet, appointing such talented administrators as Albert Gallatin and James Madison who share his views. In his first administration the Republicans control both houses..
Rivals and Friends: Jefferson's Presidency, Early Years
Just before Jefferson takes office, Congress reduces the number of justices on the Supreme Court by one and expands the number of federal judgeships. Adams takes advantage of his last days as president to appoint a numbe..
Rivals and Friends: Presidential Election of 1796, The
The presidential election of 1796 is the first partisan election in the nation's history. As it unfolds, it is a contest not only between the emerging Republican party and the Federalists, but a battle among the Federali..
Rivals and Friends: Presidential Election of 1800
Bitter controversies shape the presidential election of 1800. The candidates are the same as four years earlier-Adams versus Jefferson-but personal attacks during the campaign are unprecedented. In a close race New York ..
Rivals and Friends: Troubled Presidency of John Adams, The
In the early months of Adams' term, the French government captures American ships and crews. When Adams' negotiators are rebuffed, the president cuts off trade with France and orders preparations for war. Hamilton and ot..
Road to War, The: Collapse of European Peace, The
By August 1914 Germany has declared war on Russia and France and invades Belgium in preparation for an attack on France. Its strategy is to knock France out of the war before tackling Russia, the more serious threat. Mos..
Road to War, The: Germany's Aggressive Submarine Warfare Tests U. S. Neutrality
Economic realities in the second year of World War I make it difficult for the United States to maintain its neutrality. Roosevelt encourages the U. S. to enter the war on side of allies, a minority opinion. In the elect..
Road to War, The: Germany's Major Strategies, 1917
Germany redoubles its efforts to win the war before American forces have an impact. In 1917 Germany takes three risks in an attempt to accomplish its goal. It resumes unconditional submarine warfare to halt shipping, sen..